Screening for viral pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract from cases ... - Virology Journal

  • Fleming PJ, Blair PS, Pease A. Sudden unexpected death in infancy: aetiology, pathophysiology, epidemiology and prevention in 2015. Arch Dis Child. 2015;100(10):984–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber MA, Sebire NJ. Postmortem investigation of sudden unexpected death in infancy: current issues and autopsy protocol. Diagn Histopathol. 2009;15(11):510–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krous HF, Beckwith JB, Byard RW, Rognum TO, Bajanowski T, Corey T, Cutz E, Hanzlick R, Keens TG, Mitchell EA. Sudden infant death syndrome and unclassified sudden infant deaths: a definitional and diagnostic approach. Pediatrics. 2004;114(1):234-8. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.114.1.234. PMID: 15231934.

  • Filiano JJ, Kinney HC. A perspective on neuropathologic findings in victims of the sudden infant death syndrome: the triple-risk model. Biol Neonate. 1994;65(3–4):194–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moon RY, Horne RS, Hauck FR. Sudden infant death syndrome. Lancet. 2007;370(9598):1578–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein RD, Kinney HC, Willinger M. Sudden unexpected death in fetal life through early childhood. Pediatrics. 2016;137(6).

  • Duncan JR, Byard RW, editors. SIDS Sudden Infant and early childhood death: the past, the Present and the future. Adelaide (AU): University of Adelaide Press; 2018 May.

  • Xu SX, McCormick JK. Staphylococcal superantigens in colonization and Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2012;2:52.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hodges K, Gill R. Infectious diarrhea: Cellular and molecular mechanisms. Gut Microbes. 2010;1(1):4–21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dattani S, Spooner F, Ritchie H, Roser M. Diarrheal Diseases. Our World in Data. 2023 Jul 3.

  • Graves NS. Acute gastroenteritis. Prim care: Clin Office Pract. 2013;40(3):727–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boschi-Pinto C, Velebit L, Shibuya K. Estimating child mortality due to Diarrhoea in developing countries. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(9):710–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bányai K, Estes MK, Martella V, Parashar UD. Viral gastroenteritis. Lancet. 2018;392(10142):175–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelmi I, Roman E, Sánchez-Fauquier A. Viruses causing gastroenteritis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003;9(4):247–62.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elliott EJ. Acute gastroenteritis in children. BMJ. 2007;334(7583):35–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kotloff KL, Nataro JP, Blackwelder WC, Nasrin D, Farag TH, Panchalingam S, Wu Y, Sow SO, Sur D, Breiman RF, Faruque AS. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal Disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study. Lancet. 2013;382(9888):209–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janko MM, Joffe J, Michael D, Earl L, Rosettie KL, Sparks GW, Albertson SB, Compton K, Velandia PP, Stafford L, Zheng P. Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus vaccination in children under five years of age in 195 countries: a meta-regression analysis. Vaccine. 2022;40(28):3903–17.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tate JE, Burton AH, Boschi-Pinto C, Parashar UD, World Health Organization–Coordinated Global Rotavirus Surveillance Network, Agocs M, Serhan F, de Oliveira L, Mwenda JM, Mihigo R, Ranjan Wijesinghe P. Global, regional, and national estimates of rotavirus mortality in children < 5 years of age, 2000–2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(suppl2):96–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burnett E, Jonesteller CL, Tate JE, Yen C, Parashar UD. Global impact of rotavirus vaccination on childhood hospitalizations and mortality from diarrhea. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(11):1666–72.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hemming M, Räsänen S, Huhti L, Paloniemi M, Salminen M, Vesikari T. Major reduction of rotavirus, but not norovirus, gastroenteritis in children seen in hospital after the introduction of RotaTeq vaccine into the National Immunization Programme in Finland. Eur J Pediatr. 2013;172(6):739–46.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Payne DC, Vinjé J, Szilagyi PG, Edwards KM, Staat MA, Weinberg GA, Hall CB, Chappell J, Bernstein DI, Curns AT, Wikswo M. Norovirus and medically attended gastroenteritis in US children. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(12):1121–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ramani S, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Epidemiology of human noroviruses and updates on vaccine development. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2014;30(1):25–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chhabra P, de Graaf M, Parra GI, Chan MC, Green K, Martella V, Wang Q, White PA, Katayama K, Vennema H, Koopmans MP. Updated classification of norovirus genogroups and genotypes. J Gen Virol. 2019;100(10):1393.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tan M. Norovirus vaccines: current clinical development and challenges. Pathogens. 2021;10(12):1641.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bucardo F, Reyes Y, Svensson L, Nordgren J. Predominance of norovirus and sapovirus in Nicaragua after implementation of universal rotavirus vaccination. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(5):e98201.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dove W, Cunliffe NA, Gondwe JS, Broadhead RL, Molyneux ME, Nakagomi O, Hart CA. Detection and characterization of human caliciviruses in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Blantyre, Malawi. J Med Virol. 2005;77(4):522–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Kibiki G, Maro V, Maro A, Kumburu H, Swai N, Taniuchi M, Gratz J, Toney D, Kang G, Houpt E. Multiplex reverse transcription PCR Luminex assay for detection and quantitation of viral agents of gastroenteritis. J Clin Virol. 2011;50(4):308–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Elfving K, Andersson M, Msellem MI, Welinder-Olsson C, Petzold M, Björkman A, Trollfors B, Mårtensson A, Lindh M. Real-time PCR threshold cycle cutoffs help to identify agents causing acute childhood diarrhea in Zanzibar. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(3):916–23.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lekana-Douki SE, Kombila-Koumavor C, Nkoghe D, Drosten C, Drexler JF, Leroy EM. Molecular epidemiology of enteric viruses and genotyping of rotavirus A, adenovirus and astrovirus among children under 5 years old in Gabon. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;34:90–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matussek A, Dienus O, Djeneba O, Simpore J, Nitiema L, Nordgren J. Molecular characterization and genetic susceptibility of sapovirus in children with diarrhea in Burkina Faso. Infect Genet Evol. 2015;32:396–400.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Yamamoto D, Saito M, Imagawa T, Ablola A, Tandoc AO III, Segubre-Mercado E, Lupisan SP, Okamoto M, Furuse Y, Saito M. Molecular detection and characterization of sapovirus in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in the Philippines. J Clin Virol. 2015;68:83–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu X, Jahuira H, Gilman RH, Alva A, Cabrera L, Okamoto M, Xu H, Windle HJ, Kelleher D, Varela M, Verastegui M. Etiological role and repeated Infections of sapovirus among children aged less than 2 years in a cohort study in a peri-urban community of Peru. J Clin Microbiol. 2016;54(6):1598–604.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pongsuwanna Y, Tacharoenmuang R, Prapanpoj M, Sakon N, Komoto S, Guntapong R, Taniguchi K. Monthly distribution of norovirus and sapovirus causing viral gastroenteritis in Thailand. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2017;70(1):84–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oka T, Wang Q, Katayama K, Saif LJ. Comprehensive review of human sapoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(1):32–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grohmann GS, Glass RI, Pereira HG, Monroe SS, Hightower AW, Weber R, Bryan RT. Enteric viruses and diarrhea in HIV-infected patients. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(1):14–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liste MB, Natera I, Suarez JA, Pujol FH, Liprandi F, Ludert JE. Enteric virus Infections and diarrhea in healthy and human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(8):2873–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch A, Pintó RM, Guix S. Human astroviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014;27(4):1048–74.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jarchow-Macdonald AA, Halley S, Chandler D, Gunson R, Shepherd SJ, Parcell BJ. First report of an astrovirus type 5 gastroenteritis outbreak in a residential elderly care home identified by sequencing. J Clin Virol. 2015;73:115–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vu DL, Bosch A, Pintó RM, Guix S. Epidemiology of classic and novel human astrovirus: gastroenteritis and beyond. Viruses. 2017;9(2):33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • GBD 2016 Lower Respiratory Infections Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of lower Respiratory Infections in 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(11):1191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghebremedhin B. Human adenovirus: viral pathogen with increasing importance. Eur J Microbiol Immunol. 2014;4(1):26–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouédraogo N, Kaplon J, Bonkoungou IJ, Traoré AS, Pothier P, Barro N, Ambert-Balay K. Prevalence and genetic diversity of enteric viruses in children with diarrhea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(4):e0153652.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Reis TA, Assis AS, Valle DA, Barletta VH, Carvalho IP, Rose TL, Portes SA, Leite JP. The role of human adenoviruses type 41 in acute Diarrheal Disease in Minas Gerais after Rotavirus vaccination. Braz J Microbiol. 2016;47:243–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khanal S, Ghimire P, Dhamoon AS. The repertoire of adenovirus in human Disease: the innocuous to the deadly. Biomedicines. 2018;6(1):30.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell CC, Gordon AE, James VS, MacKenzie DA, Mogensen-Buchanan M, El Ahmer OR, Al Madani OM, Törö K, Csukás Z, Sótonyi P, Weir DM, Busuttil A. The role of bacterial toxins in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Int J Med Microbiol. 2002;291(6–7):561–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blood-Siegfried J, Rambaud C, Nyska A, Germolec DR. Evidence for Infection, inflammation and shock in sudden infant death: parallels between a neonatal rat model of sudden death and infants who died of sudden infant death syndrome. Innate Immun. 2008;14(3):145–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weber MA, Klein NJ, Hartley JC, Lock PE, Malone M, Sebire NJ. Infection and sudden unexpected death in infancy: a systematic retrospective case review. Lancet. 2008;371(9627):1848–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Highet AR, Goldwater PN. Staphylococcal enterotoxin genes are common in Staphylococcus aureus intestinal flora in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and live comparison infants. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2009;57(2):151–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman HJ, Damus K, Hillman L, Krongrad E. Risk factors for SIDS: results of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development SIDS cooperative epidemiological study. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1988;533:13–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bányai K, Estes MK, Martella V, Parashar UD. Viral gastroenteritis. The Lancet. 2018;392(10142):175–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayukekbong J, Lindh M, Nenonen N, Tah F, Nkuo-Akenji T, Bergström T. Enteric viruses in healthy children in Cameroon: viral load and genotyping of norovirus strains. J Med Virol. 2011;83(12):2135–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chitambar S, Gopalkrishna V, Chhabra P, Patil P, Verma H, Lahon A, Arora R, Tatte V, Ranshing S, Dhale G, Kolhapure R, Tikute S, Kulkarni J, Bhardwaj R, Akarte S, Pawar S. Diversity in the enteric viruses detected in outbreaks of gastroenteritis from Mumbai, Western India. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9(3):895–915.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arowolo KO, Ayolabi CI, Lapinski B, Santos JS, Raboni SM. Epidemiology of enteric viruses in children with gastroenteritis in Ogun State, Nigeria. J Med Virol. 2019;91(6):1022–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Flahault A, Hanslik T. Épidémiologie des gastroentérites virales en France et en Europe. Bull Acad Natl Med. 2010;194(8):1415–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biscaro V, Piccinelli G, Gargiulo F, Ianiro G, Caruso A, Caccuri F, De Francesco MA. Detection and molecular characterization of enteric viruses in children with acute gastroenteritis in Northern Italy. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;60:35–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossouw E, Brauer M, Meyer P, Du Plessis NM, Avenant T, Mans J. Virus etiology, diversity and clinical characteristics in South African children hospitalised with gastroenteritis. Viruses. 2021;13(2):215.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rossouw E. The molecular epidemiology and diversity of gastroenteritis viruses in HIV- infected, -exposed and -unexposed children under the age of five years in Pretoria, South Africa. Msc Dissertation, Pretoria: University of Pretoria; 2020. Available from: https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/75468.

  • Chukwu MO, Abia AL, Ubomba-Jaswa E, Dewar JB, Obi CL. Mixed aetiology of Diarrhoea in infants attending clinics in the North-West Province of South Africa: potential for sub-optimal treatment. Pathogens. 2020;9(3):198.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Operario DJ, Platts-Mills JA, Nadan S, Page N, Seheri M, Mphahlele J, Praharaj I, Kang G, Araujo IT, Leite JP, Cowley D. Etiology of severe acute watery diarrhea in children in the global rotavirus surveillance network using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(2):220–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Patel MM, Widdowson MA, Glass RI, Akazawa K, Vinjé J, Parashar UD. Systematic literature review of role of noroviruses in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14(8):1224.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Siebenga JJ, Vennema H, Zheng DP, Vinjé J, Lee BE, Pang XL, Ho EC, Lim W, Choudekar A, Broor S, Halperin T. Norovirus Illness is a global problem: emergence and spread of norovirus GII. 4 variants, 2001–2007. J Infect Dis. 2009;200(5):802–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tran TH, Trainor E, Nakagomi T, Cunliffe NA, Nakagomi O. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII. 4 variants. J Clin Virol. 2013;56(3):269–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García C, DuPont HL, Long KZ, Santos JI, Ko G. Asymptomatic norovirus Infection in Mexican children. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(8):2997–3000.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira MS, Victoria M, Carvalho-Costa FA, Vieira CB, Xavier MP, Fioretti JM, Andrade J, Volotão EM, Rocha M, Leite JP, Miagostovich MP. Surveillance of norovirus Infections in the state of Rio De Janeiro, Brazil 2005–2008. J Med Virol. 2010;82(8):1442–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McAtee CL, Webman R, Gilman RH, Mejia C, Bern C, Apaza S, Espetia S, Pajuelo M, Saito M, Challappa R, Soria R. Burden of norovirus and rotavirus in children after rotavirus vaccine introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;94(1):212.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zou W, Cui D, Wang X, Guo H, Yao X, Jin M, Huang Q, Gao M, Wen X. Clinical characteristics and molecular epidemiology of noroviruses in outpatient children with acute gastroenteritis in Huzhou of China. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0127596.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Govender N, Perovic O, Meiring S, Kleynhans J, von Gottberg A, Thomas J, Ismail F, Ismail N, Page NA, Hunt G. GERMS-SA Annual Report 2018. National Institute for Communicable Diseases. 2017:37 – 8.

  • Gelaw A, Pietsch C, Liebert UG. Genetic diversity of human adenovirus and human astrovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Northwest Ethiopia. Arch Virol. 2019;164(12):2985–93.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer CT, Bauer IK, Antonio M, Adeyemi M, Saha D, Oundo JO, Ochieng JB, Omore R, Stine OC, Wang D, Holtz LR. Prevalence of classic, MLB-clade and VA-clade astroviruses in Kenya and the Gambia. Virol J. 2015;12(1):1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nadan S, Taylor MB, Groome MJ, Cohen C, Madhi SA, Page NA. Epidemiology of human astroviruses among children younger than 5 years: prospective hospital-based sentinel surveillance in South Africa, 2009‐2014. J Med Virol. 2019;91(2):225–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang BM, Jung S, Jeong HJ, Chung GT, Kang YH, Yang SJ, Seo NY, Shin TH, Yoo CK, Lee DY. Outbreak of astrovirus in adults with acute gastroenteritis in Korea. J Gastrointest Dig Syst. 2015;13:1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Page N, Groome MJ, Murray T, Nadan S, Netshikweta R, Keddy KH, Poonsamy B, Moyes J, Walaza S, Kahn K, Kuonza L. Sapovirus prevalence in children less than five years of age hospitalised for diarrhoeal Disease in South Africa, 2009–2013. J Clin Virol. 2016;78:82–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pang XL, Honma S, Nakata S, Vesikari T. Human caliciviruses in acute gastroenteritis of young children in the community. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Supplement2):288–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sakai Y, Nakata S, Honma S, Tatsumi M, Numata-Kinoshita K, Chiba S. Clinical severity of Norwalk virus and Sapporo virus gastroenteritis in children in Hokkaido, Japan. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001;20(9):849–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotloff KL, Nasrin D, Blackwelder WC, Wu Y, Farag T, Panchalingham S, Sow SO, Sur D, Zaidi AK, Faruque AS, Saha D. The incidence, aetiology, and adverse clinical consequences of less severe diarrhoeal episodes among infants and children residing in low-income and middle-income countries: a 12-month case-control study as a follow-on to the global enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS). Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(5):e568–84.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mohammad HA, Madi NM, Al-Nakib W. Analysis of viral diversity in stool samples from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis in Kuwait using Metagenomics approach. Virol J. 2020;17(1):1–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potgieter N, Heine L, Ngandu JPK, Ledwaba SE, Zitha T, Mudau LS, Becker P, Traore AN, Barnard TG. High Burden of Co-infection with multiple enteric pathogens in children suffering with Diarrhoea from Rural and Peri-urban communities in South Africa. Pathogens. 2023;12(2):315.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang M, Differding MK, Benjamin-Neelon SE, Østbye T, Hoyo C, Mueller NT. Association of prenatal antibiotics with measures of infant adiposity and the gut microbiome. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2019;18(1):18.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li L, Wang F, Liu Y, Gu F. Intestinal microbiota dysbiosis in children with recurrent respiratory tract Infections. Microb Pathog. 2019;136:103709.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sabey KA, Song SJ, Jolles A, Knight R, Ezenwa VO. Coinfection and Infection duration shape how pathogens affect the African buffalo gut microbiota. ISME J. 2021;15(5):1359–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathew S, Smatti MK, Al Ansari K, Nasrallah GK, Al Thani AA, Yassine HM. Mixed viral-bacterial Infections and their effects on Gut Microbiota and Clinical illnesses in Children. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):865.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • What is Autolysis? - Definition. & Histology [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; [updated 2022; cited 2022 Jan 22]. Available from: https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-autolysis-definition-histology.html.

  • Heimesaat MM, Boelke S, Fischer A, Haag LM, Loddenkemper C, Kühl AA, Göbel UB, Bereswill S. Comprehensive postmortem analyses of intestinal microbiota changes and bacterial translocation in human flora associated mice. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e40758.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beal S, Porter C. Sudden infant death syndrome related to climate. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1991;80(3):278–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • D'souza RM, Hall G, Becker NG. Climatic factors associated with hospitalizations for rotavirus Diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age. Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136(1):56–64.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raza MW, Blackwell CC. Sudden infant death syndrome, virus Infections and cytokines. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 1999;25(1–2):85–96.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Read JS, Clemens JD, Klebanoff MA. Moderate low birth weight and Infectious Disease mortality during infancy and childhood. Am J Epidemiol. 1994;140(8):721–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bobak DA, Guerrant RL. Nausea, vomiting, and noninflammatory diarrhea. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 2015:1253–1262.

  • Ponsonby AL, Dwyer T, Gibbons LE, Cochrane JA, Wang YG. Factors potentiating the risk of sudden infant death syndrome associated with the prone position. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(6):377–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Adblock test (Why?)

    Comments

    Popular posts from this blog

    His Apple Watch warned of an irregular heart rate. Turns out he was having a heart attack | Globalnews.ca - Global News Toronto

    “Opioids in America, Part 3: The other side of the crisis - Greeley Tribune” plus 1 more

    “A Runner Suddenly Developed Asthma. It Was Stranger Than It Seemed. - The New York Times” plus 1 more