“Bronchiolitis vs. Bronchitis: How to Differentiate and Treat Symptoms - Verywell Health” plus 2 more
“Bronchiolitis vs. Bronchitis: How to Differentiate and Treat Symptoms - Verywell Health” plus 2 more |
- Bronchiolitis vs. Bronchitis: How to Differentiate and Treat Symptoms - Verywell Health
- Why Is It Called Coronavirus? How Viruses Are Named - Healthline
- Breathing: Rats and pigs can survive on oxygen fed through their RECTUM, study finds - Daily Mail
| Bronchiolitis vs. Bronchitis: How to Differentiate and Treat Symptoms - Verywell Health Posted: 14 May 2021 09:06 AM PDT /GettyImages-1154221057-d8cf710f55504670ab483355860d6e4f.jpg) Bronchiolitis and bronchitis are both infections that affect the lungs and can have overlapping symptoms such as a cough, wheezing, and low-grade fever. However, there are some very important differences in symptoms, causes, treatment, and ultimately, how they may affect future lung function. Bronchiolitis is an inflammation of the small airways (bronchioles) and most often affects infants less than 2 years of age. Bronchitis causes inflammation of the bronchi (and bronchioles to a degree) and can affect people of any age. FatCamera / Getty Images Causes and SymptomsSymptoms common to both bronchiolitis and bronchitis include:
With both conditions, the cough and wheezing may last for several weeks. Both are often caused by viral infections, but the particular viruses responsible frequently differ. BronchiolitisThe symptoms of bronchiolitis can differ from bronchitis both in how the infection affects the respiratory system and based on the age groups in which the infections are found. Since bronchiolitis often occurs in young children who can't express how they are feeling, objective signs that parents can visualize are often key in diagnosis. Symptoms specific to bronchiolitis include:
A hallmark of bronchiolitis that is not seen with bronchitis is the minute-to-minute variation in symptoms. One moment a child may be sleeping comfortably, the next they may be agitated and appear quite ill, and then they may appear comfortable again after coughing and clearing mucus from their airways. How Long Do Bronchiolitis Symptoms Last?Altogether, symptoms last around two weeks, although coughing and wheezing sometimes last longer. Other symptoms may include:
An elevated respiratory rate is an important sign and has been coined the neglected vital sign. Respiratory rates run higher in children than adults, with normal respiratory rates in children being:
The most common cause of bronchiolitis is the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which has been found to account for roughly 80% of cases. Less commonly, bronchiolitis may also be caused by cold viruses (such as rhinovirus, adenovirus, or coronaviruses), metapneumovirus, human bocavirus, influenza A or B, and parainfluenza. BronchitisIt's important to briefly make a distinction between acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis:
Symptoms of acute bronchitis that are less likely to be seen with bronchiolitis include: Most cases of bronchitis are due to a viral infection, with the most common being: Bacteria are the cause of only 1% to 10% of cases. Less commonly, atypical bacteria such as mycoplasma, chlamydia, and Bordatella pertussis (the cause of whooping cough) are involved. Non-infectious bronchitis may also occur due to exposure to irritants such as smoke or dust. Bronchiolitis
Bronchitis
At-Risk GroupsSome people are more likely to develop bronchiolitis or bronchitis than others. In general, young children, especially those less than 2 years of age, are more likely to develop bronchiolitis, whereas bronchitis may occur in any age group (although it is uncommon before the age of 2). Risk Factors for BronchiolitisA number of circumstances and conditions increase the chance that a child will develop bronchiolitis, and for those who develop the disease, separate factors increase the risk that it will be serious. The risk of developing the disease primarily relates to the chance of being exposed to the causative viruses, whereas the chance that a child will become seriously ill is linked more with underlying medical conditions. Risk factors for developing bronchiolitis include:
Factors that increase the chance that bronchiolitis will be serious include:
Risk Factors for BronchitisLike bronchiolitis, there are factors that increase the chance a person will develop the condition, as well as factors that may make developing the disease more serious. Risk factors for developing bronchitis include: Among those who develop bronchitis, some people are more likely to become seriously ill—for example, developing secondary complications such as pneumonia. This includes:
TreatmentThere are no formal treatments available for either uncomplicated bronchiolitis or bronchitis (except in uncommon cases when bronchitis is bacterial). The infection generally needs to "run its course." If the infection is due to influenza A and diagnosed shortly after the onset of symptoms, some physicians may recommend Tamiflu (oseltamivir). That said, measures can be taken to manage the symptoms and in some cases may reduce the chance that the infection will become more serious. Both bronchiolitis and bronchitis last, on average, around two weeks. However, a cough or wheezing may persist for some people, even beyond three weeks. Some treatments that may be recommended for bronchitis are not recommended for bronchiolitis—for example, bronchodilators—so we will discuss these separately. BronchiolitisFor a fever or appearance of discomfort, Tylenol (acetaminophen) may be used for most children. Aspirin should not be used in children due to the risk of Reye's syndrome. Saline nose drops (and a suction bulb if necessary) may help relieve some congestion. Roughly 3% of children who develop bronchiolitis end up being hospitalized, and bronchiolitis remains the most common reason for hospital admission in the first 12 months of life. Inpatient treatment may include:
Nebulized hypertonic saline may help with airway swelling in infants. According to clinical practice guidelines, medications such as albuterol (and similar medications), epinephrine, and corticosteroids should not be used. Antibiotics are recommended only if there is clear evidence of a secondary bacterial infection present. When very severe, mechanical ventilation may be needed. As far as prevention of RSV, the monoclonal antibody Synagis (palivizumab) is approved to prevent serious RSV disease in some very specific high-risk children. Studies, however, have been mixed, and the benefit of the medication remains uncertain. BronchitisFor fever or discomfort, Tylenol (acetaminophen) is usually recommended. Resting, including taking a nap during the day if needed, can't be understated. If you have a difficult time giving yourself permission to rest, imagine your body needing the energy to fight off the virus and heal your airways. Should You Take Cough Medicine?Some people find cough medications or an expectorant helpful, but a 2021 study confirmed earlier findings and found that a spoonful of honey was actually more helpful than common cold and cough medications. Honey is not recommended for children less than 1 year old. Other treatments will depend on how symptoms progress. For example, if a secondary bacterial infection should develop, antibiotics may be necessary. Some people develop reactive airway disease with bronchitis, and treatments such as an albuterol inhaler to open the airways or corticosteroids to reduce inflammation may be needed. ComplicationsBoth bronchiolitis and bronchitis may lead to complications, though the particular complications and when they might occur vary between the conditions. BronchiolitisWith bronchiolitis, low oxygen levels (hypoxia) requiring oxygen supplementation may occur and require hospitalization. Dehydration may also occur and can be treated with IV fluids. With severe disease, respiratory failure may sometimes occur, requiring mechanical ventilation and sedation. Bacterial co-infections, such as ear infections (otitis media) and urinary tract infections, have also been seen. A number of studies have evaluated the possible association of bronchiolitis early in life with wheezing and childhood asthma later on, with mixed results. When asthma is seen later in childhood, it's also not known whether having bronchiolitis may damage the lungs in a way that would predispose to asthma, or if instead a child's particular immune response or lung function might predispose them to develop both bronchiolitis and recurrent wheezing. Wheezing Later in ChildhoodA 2021 review looking at 22 studies found that lower respiratory tract infections (such as bronchiolitis) in children less than 3 years of age were associated with an increased risk of the subsequent development of wheezing later in childhood. The risk was roughly three times higher than for those who did not have these infections. BronchitisOne of the most common complications of bronchitis is a secondary pneumonia which is most commonly bacterial. Potentially worrisome symptoms are listed below and frequently present in younger people who go on to develop pneumonia. In people over the age of 75, however, symptoms of pneumonia may be more subtle, and it's important to contact your doctor with any concerns or if symptoms persist. When to Call the DoctorBoth bronchiolitis and bronchitis most often resolve on their own, but it's important to be aware of symptoms that could suggest complications and when to call your doctor. BronchiolitisSigns of concern with bronchiolitis may include:
BronchitisSigns to call your doctor with bronchitis include:
A Word From VerywellBoth bronchitis and bronchiolitis are lower respiratory infections that usually run their course without problems. That said, it's important to be aware of potential complications as well as when you should call your doctor. Since bronchiolitis often occurs in young infants, it can be very frightening for parents. Make sure to call your doctor with any concerns, even if you suspect everything is OK. And trust your gut. Your instinct as a parent is often the best "diagnostic test" available. |
| Why Is It Called Coronavirus? How Viruses Are Named - Healthline Posted: 13 May 2021 12:00 AM PDT  SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is part of a group of viruses known as coronaviruses. Hundreds of coronaviruses exist in animals, but only seven of these coronaviruses are known to cause illnesses in humans. In fact, the illnesses that these coronaviruses cause play a huge role in how each of these viruses is named. From a visual standpoint, coronaviruses have crown-like protrusions on their surface, and the Latin word for crown is "coronam." In this article, we will explore what coronaviruses are, how these viruses and their diseases are named, and other important facts you should know about SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Coronaviruses are a type of virus that cause upper respiratory tract illnesses in human beings. Most coronaviruses are transmitted to humans from animals, such as bats, pigs, or camels. While hundreds of different types of coronaviruses exist, only seven coronaviruses are known to cause diseases in humans. In 2019, a new coronavirus was discovered to cause severe respiratory symptoms in humans. Due to its similarities with the previous coronavirus that was responsible for causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003, this new coronavirus became known as the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 is the coronavirus responsible for causing 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19). On March 11, 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared COVID-19 a pandemic. Since that time, COVID-19 has affected over 160 million people worldwide. Viruses are officially named by an organization called the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). Every newly discovered virus receives an appropriate name according to a hierarchical taxonomy, which groups all organisms into various species, genera, family, and more. Initially, the coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 remained unnamed. However, the ICTV and WHO worked in tandem to give both the virus and the disease the official names we know today:
Ultimately, it is the responsibility of these two organizations, along with the many scientists and professionals around the world, to identify, classify, and name all new viruses and diseases. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there are seven different coronaviruses that have been known to cause illness in humans. Although these coronaviruses are similar, they are separated into either the alpha coronavirus or beta coronavirus subgroups. Common human alpha coronaviruses include: Common human beta coronaviruses include: Generally, the 229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1 coronaviruses cause mild to moderate respiratory illnesses, with symptoms that resemble the common cold, such as sore throat, cough, and fever. However, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 can all lead to more severe respiratory illnesses, many of which have a higher mortality rate. In fact, according to the WHO, MERS has a mortality rate of roughly 35 percent — this is almost 10 times higher than the average mortality rate of COVID-19. Although there have been some comparisons made between COVID-19 and the flu, they are two entirely separate illnesses. Influenza, also known as the flu, is a viral respiratory illness caused by two influenza viruses: influenza A and influenza B. Influenza can cause mild to severe symptoms, which may include: Most healthy people recover from the flu within 1 to 2 weeks without complications. However, young children, older adults, and those who are pregnant or have underlying health conditions may be more at risk of serious complications. COVID-19 is a viral respiratory illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. COVID-19 symptoms are similar to the flu and may include: COVID-19 can cause additional symptoms beyond those of the flu, such as shortness of breath and loss of taste and smell. It also appears to be more contagious than the flu and has been found to spread more quickly and easily. In addition, COVID-19 is associated with a higher risk of complications and hospitalization, as well as an increased risk of mortality. COVID-19 is an extremely contagious disease that spreads easily between people, so it's important to practice good personal hygiene to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Here are some of the ways that you can prevent the spread of COVID-19:
If you have a COVID-19 diagnosis or have come in close contact with someone who has the virus, the CDC recommends quarantining for a period of 14 days to reduce the risk of transmitting the virus. "Coronavirus" is a catch-all term that is sometimes used to refer to either the newly discovered coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, or the disease it causes, COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 is one of seven coronaviruses that can cause respiratory illnesses in human beings. Although COVID-19 is similar in some ways to the flu, they are separate conditions, with different symptoms, caused by different viruses. If you are concerned that you may have symptoms of COVID-19, remain in isolation and reach out to your doctor as soon as possible to get tested. |
| Breathing: Rats and pigs can survive on oxygen fed through their RECTUM, study finds - Daily Mail Posted: 14 May 2021 08:00 AM PDT We all know at least one person who metaphorically talks out of their rear end, but it may be possible to literally breathe via your behind, a study has determined. This is a trick employed by certain aquatic organisms — like some freshwater catfish, loaches and sea cucumbers — to help them survive in low-oxygen conditions. Bypassing lungs or gills, this method sees oxygen absorbed directly into the blood via the intestinal lining. It has long been debated if mammals can do the same. Experts led from the Tokyo Medical and Dental University have demonstrated that mice, rats and pigs can take in oxygen delivered by means of a special liquid enema. Should the findings prove applicable to humans as well, this alternative ventilation method could be used clinically to help stave off respiratory failure. While unusual, this approach could be beneficial in this time of COVID-19, which has seen critical shortages of conventional ventilators in hospitals around the globe. WARNING: GRAPHIC CONTENT  Researchers believe that mechanical ventilation (left) could be replaced with intestinal liquid ventilation (right), in which patients would be given an enema of oxygenated perfluorochemicals   Intestinal breathing is a trick employed by certain aquatic organisms — like loaches (left) and sea cucumbers (right) — to help them survive in low-oxygen conditions 'Artificial respiratory support plays a vital role in the clinical management of respiratory failure,' said paper author and Takanori Takebe of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University and the Cincinnati Children's Hospital. Respiratory failure can result from the contraction of various severe illnesses — including acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19 and pneumonia. 'Although the side effects and safety need to be thoroughly evaluated in humans, our approach may offer a new paradigm to support critically ill patients with respiratory failure,' Dr Takebe added. In their study, Dr Takebe and colleagues first designed an intestinal gas ventilation that was capable of administering pure oxygen to mice via their recta. The team demonstrated that, without the ventilation system, mice were not able to survive even 11 minutes in extremely low-oxygen conditions. However, with intestinal gas ventilation, the researchers found that more oxygen was able to reach the mice's hearts, and three-quarters of the rodents were able to survive in the extreme low-oxygen conditions for a whole 50 minutes.  The team first designed an intestinal gas ventilation that was capable of administering pure oxygen to mice via their recta (pictured) This gas ventilation system has a drawback in that it works most efficiently when the muscosa — the inner lining of the intestinal tract — is physically abraded with a brush. This means that such is unlikely to be clinically suitable, especially when dealing with severely ill patients, the researchers conceded. To circumvent this issue, the team developed a liquid-based alternative which makes use of so-called oxygenated perfluorochemicals. This compound has previously been determined to be biocompatible and safe to use in humans, and has been used clinically for airway-based liquid ventilation.  The team developed a liquid-based alternative which makes use of so-called oxygenated perfluorochemicals — and tested it on mice, rats and pigs in the lab In lab tests, the intestinal liquid ventilation system was also found to provide therapeutic benefits to mice, rats and pigs who were exposed to non-lethal, low-oxygen conditions. The mice were found to be able to better oxygenate their hearts and walk further (managing a mean rate of 9.9cm per minute) in a 10 per cent oxygen chamber than their peers who were not given the treatment (who managed 0.4cm per minute). In pigs, similar results were seen, with the intestinal liquid ventilation resulting in increased bodily oxygen levels and a reduction in skin pallor and coldness, without the production of obvious negative side effects. 'We show the effectiveness of an enteral ventilation approach in attaining systemic oxygenation in both rodent and porcine models,' the team wrote in their paper. 'Intrarectal delivery of a liquid form of O₂ known as conjugated perfluorocarbon […] is highly tolerable and efficacious in ameliorating severe respiratory failure.'  In pigs the intestinal liquid ventilation resulted in increased bodily oxygen levels and a reduction in skin pallor and coldness, without the production of obvious negative side effects. Pictured: the process of oxygenating the perfluorochemicals (left), preparing the enema (centre) and delivering it to the pig (right) 'This is a provocative idea and those first encountering it will express astonishment,' Caleb Kelly — an internal medicine expert from Yale University who was not involved in the present study — wrote in an associated commentary article. 'Yet, as the potential clinical role is considered and the data presented by [the team] is examined, enteral ventilation via anus emerges as a promising therapy deserving scientific and medical interest.' The finding, Dr Kelly added, 'opens the possibility of recruiting the distal gut to aid when mechanical ventilation of the lungs is inadequate.' With their initial study complete, the researchers are planning to conduct further preclinical studies, while also beginning the regulatory steps needed to bring their respiration system to a clinical application that could be used on human patients. Their ongoing work is being supported by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, with the specific goal of helping to combat COVID-19. 'The recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is overwhelming the clinical need for ventilators and artificial lungs — resulting in a critical shortage of available devices, and endangering patients' lives worldwide,' Dr Takebe said. 'The level of arterial oxygenation provided by our ventilation system, if scaled for human application, is likely sufficient to treat patients with severe respiratory failure, potentially providing life-saving oxygenation.' The full findings of the study were published in the journal Med. |
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